中医体质养生

Physical Health Preservation

by Traditional Chinese Medicine

体质的概念

 The Concept of the Constitution

体质的“体”，指身体、形体、个体；“质”指素质、质量、性质。

The "body" of the constitution refers to the body, the physique and the individual, while the "quality" refers to the essence, the quality and the nature.

在中医体质学中，体质的概念是指人体在生命过程中，在先天禀赋和后天获得的基础上所形成的形态结构、生理功能和心理状态方面综合的、相对稳定的固有特质，是人类在生长、发育过程中所形成的与自然、社会环境相适应的人体个性特征。

In the constitution of traditional Chinese medicine, the concept of the constitution refers to the comprehensive and relatively stable inherent characteristics of the human body in terms of morphological structure, physiological function and psychological state formed on the basis of innate endowment and acquired in the process of life. It is the personality characteristics of the human body adapted to the natural and social environment formed in the process of human growth and development.

生理上：它表现为结构、功能、代谢以及对外界刺激反应等方面的个体差异性。

Physiologically: it shows individual differences in structure, function, metabolism and response to external stimulus and so on.

病理上：表现为个体对某些病因和疾病的易感性以及疾病传变转归中的某种倾向性。

Pathologically: it shows the individual's susceptibility to certain causes of the disease and some diseases, as well as a certain tendency in the course of disease transmission and transformation.

每个人都有自己的体质特点，这一特点或隐或显地体现于健康和疾病过程中。因此，体质实际上是在人群生理共性基础上，不同个体所具有的生理特殊性。

Everyone has his or her own physical characteristics, which are implicitly or obviously reflected in the process of health and disease. Therefore, constitution is actually the physiological particularity of different individuals on the basis of the physiological commonness of the population.

体质的形成

The Formation of the Constitution

一、先天因素：先天因素又称禀赋，是指小儿出生以前在母体内所禀受的一切特征。中医学所说的先天因素，既包括父母双方所赋予的遗传性，又包括子代在母体内发育过程中的营养状态，以及母体在此期间所给予的种种影响。同时，父方的元气盛衰、营养状况、生活方式、精神因素等都直接影响着“父精”的质量，从而也会影响到子代禀赋的强弱。

Firstly, congenital factors: congenital factors also called endowments, which refer to all the characteristics that infants receive in their mothers’ bodies before they are born. The congenital factors mentioned in traditional Chinese medicine include not only the heredity given by both parents, but also the nutritional status of offspring in the process of maternal development, as well as the various effects given by the mother during this period. At the same time, the father's vitality, nutritional status, lifestyle and spiritual factors directly affect the quality of the "father's essence", which will also affect the endowments of the offspring.

先天因素是体质形成的基础，是人体体质强弱的前提条件。在生命形成的过程中，男主阳施，女主阴受，男女媾精，胎孕乃成。父母生殖之精气的盛衰，决定着子代禀赋的厚薄强弱，从而影响着子代的体质。子代的形体始于父母，父母的体质是子代体质的基础。父母体质的强弱，使子代禀赋有厚薄之分；在体质形成过程中，先天因素起着决定性的作用。先天因素、人体的遗传性状是身心发展的前提条件，它对于人的智力和体力的发展，对于人体体质的强弱，具有重大的影响。但是，先天因素、遗传性状只对体质的发展提供了可能性，而体质强弱的现实性，则有赖于后天环境、营养和身体锻炼等。

The congenital factors are the basis of the formation of constitutions and the prerequisite for the strength of human constitutions. During the formation of life, the male dominates yang giving, the female dominates yin accepting, a man and a woman copulate, and then the pregnancy is done. The rise and fall of the essence of parental reproduction determines the quality of the endowments of the offspring, thus affecting the constitutions of the offspring. The body of the offspring comes from the parents, and the constitutions of the parents are the basis of the constitutions of the offspring. The quality of parents' constitutions makes the difference of endowments of their offspring, and congenital factors play a decisive role in the process of physical formation. Congenital factors and hereditary trait of the human body are the prerequisites for physical and mental development, which have a great impact on the development of human intelligence and physical strength, and the state of human constitutions. However, congenital factors and hereditary trait only provide the possibility for the development of constitutions, while the reality of physical strength depends on acquired environment, nutrition, physical exercise and so on.

二、后天因素：虽然先天因素所形成的体质只是人一生中体质的基础，它并不是一成不变的，而是一定要在后天各种因素的综合影响下逐步发展、变化的。人在后天生活过程中，要摄入饮食，进行劳动，参与社会活动，还要结婚生育，外有气候环境的影响，内有精神情志的运用，这些因素都将影响人的体质。其摄养有度者，则可补先天之不足，使体质由弱变强，尽其天年而得长寿。其摄养无节者，则先天禀赋虽足，而过度衰耗，精气日减，体质由强变弱，再加疾病，往往早衰，甚至夭折。《景岳全书》说：“其有以一人之禀，而先后之不同者。如以素禀阳刚，而恃强无畏，纵嗜寒凉，及其久也，而阳气受伤，则阳变为阴矣；或以阴柔，而素耽辛热，久之则阴日乏涸，而阴变为阳矣。不惟饮食，情欲皆然。”此又说明后天因素可以使人的体质类型发生改变。

Secondly, acquired factors: although the constitution formed by congenital factors is only the basis of a person's constitution in life, it is not immutable, and it must be gradually developed and changed under the comprehensive influence of various acquired factors. In the process of acquired life, people need to eat the food, to do the work and participate in social activities, also want to get married and have children, there is the influence of climate and environment externally, as well as the effect of spirit and emotion internally, and all these factors will affect people's constitutions. Those who have a moderate nutrition intake can make up for the congenital deficiency, make the constitutions from weak to strong, and live a long life. For those who have no restraint on diet, although the innate endowments are sufficient, but with excessive depletion, daily decline of vital energy, the constitutions will change from strong to weak, if plus  disease, which would tend to premature aging, and even premature death. Jingyue Encyclopedia said: "A person's endowment is not unchangeable in his or her life. For example, a man's congenital endowment is masculine, if he is not afraid of cold, and addicted to cold a long time, then yang qi is injured, yang becomes yin. Or a man's innate endowment is feminine, if he stays hot a long time, then yin dried up day by day, and yin becomes yang. Not only diet, but also lust.”This also shows that acquired factors can change people’s physical type.

1．饮食

饮食是人体后天营养物质的来源，对于生命活动是十分重要的。但饮食应有所节制，合理科学的饮食习惯是维护和增强体质的重要因素之一。但人的生活条件是不尽一致的，饮食习惯也各有差别。如因贫富而饥饱不一，因性情而有偏嗜不同，因而逐渐形成相应的体质差异。

　Diet

Diet is the source of the acquired nutrients of human body and is very important for life activities. However, diet should be abstemious, and healthy eating habit is one of the important factors to maintain and strengthen the constitutions. However, people's living conditions are not consistent, and their eating habits are different. For instance, due to various economic conditions, some are hungry while others are full, and also they have different food preferences because of their temperament, thus gradually forming corresponding physical differences. 

饥饱不一，是指摄入饮食的量有多有少。家庭富裕的，饭足菜丰，可尽情啖食；不甚富裕的，则勉强充饥；其贫寒之家，或常断炊，或仅食粗杂。一般说来，饮食充足精粹者，营养良好，体形多丰腴，体质较好；而饮食不足或粗杂者，营养较差，体形多瘦小，体质偏弱。但饱食无度，过食肥甘，体虽肥硕，往往多痰，形盛气虚，体质未尝不差；其虽粗茶淡饭，尚未至饥馁，痰湿不生，气血流畅，体质往往较好。故《读医随笔》说：“富贵之人，安居厚奉。脏腑经络莫不痰涎胶固，气机凝滞不能流通，故邪气据之而不得去者，非正气之不足，乃正气之不运也。……贫贱之人，黎藿不充，败絮不暖，四时力作，汗液常泄，荣虚卫散，经脉枯槁，……故其邪气之不去者，非正气之不运，实正气之不足也。”而《医宗必读》则又说：“富贵者膏粱自奉，贫贱者黎藿苟充；……膏粱自奉者脏腑恒娇，黎藿苟充者脏腑恒固。”这就是说，饮食量的多少，应根据身体的需要而摄取，适度而止。

The difference in hunger and satiety refers to the intake of amount of food is different. If the family is rich, food is plentiful, they can eat as much as they like, while those who are not very rich, then they can barely satisfy their hunger. In poor families, they often go hungry or eat only coarse food. Generally speaking, those who eat adequate and essential food usually have good nutrition, plump shape and good physique, while those with insufficient or coarse diet usually have poor nutrition, thin figure and weak physique. For those who overeat greasy and sweet food, though they are fat, but usually tend to have more phlegm, and qi deficiency due to exuberance of shape, the constitutions are not good; for those who only have simple meal, they do not produce phlegm-dampness, and have good circulation of qi and blood, so the constitutions tend to be better. Therefore, the essay on Reading Medicine said: "The rich are full of greasy food, which will cause phlegm-saliva conglutination in zang-fu organs, meridians and collaterals, and stagnation of qi with no circulation, so whose evil qi stays not due to insufficiency of vital qi, but because of non-circulation of vital qi. …The poor are not well fed and well clothed, they work all years long and perspire all the time, the meridians are withered,… so for those whose evil qi stays not due to non-circulation of vital qi, but because of insufficiency of vital qi.” And Required Readings for Medical Professionals said:“The rich eat well with greasy and delicate food, due to uncontrolled diet, zang-fu organs of the rich people are tender; and the poor are not well fed with a simple diet, so zang-fu organs of the poor are solid.”That is to say, the amount of food should be consumed according to the needs of the body.

饮食偏嗜，是指摄入饮食的品种不全，或喜吃的就多吃，不喜吃的就少吃或不吃。或五味有偏，或寒热有偏，或嗜肥甘，或贪醇酒。无论富贵之家或贫贱之人，皆可有偏嗜之弊。人之五脏六腑，各有所好；脏腑之气血阴阳，需五味阴阳和合而生。若饮食长期有所偏嗜，则可造成脏腑气血阴阳的偏盛偏衰，而形成有偏倾趋向的体质，进一步可导致脏腑机能失调。《素问•生气通天论》说：“味过于酸，肝气以津，脾气乃绝；味过于咸，大骨气劳，短肌，心气抑；味过于甘，心气喘满，色黑，肾气不衡；味过于苦，脾气不濡，胃气乃厚；味过于辛，筋脉沮弛，精神乃央。”这是指五味偏嗜而言。在日常生活中，有人偏嗜甘甜，有人偏嗜辛辣，有人偏嗜咸，更有久食温热或常进寒凉者。偏甘甜可助湿生痰，形成痰湿体质；嗜辛辣则化火灼津，形成阴虚多火体质；过咸则胜血伤心，形成心气虚弱体质；久食温热，易致阴虚阳盛；常进寒凉，易致阴盛阳虚。嗜食肥腻，体虽肥白，痰湿内盛，或化热生火。《素问•奇病论》说：“肥者令人内热，甘者令人中满。”《素问•生气通天论》说：“高梁之变，足生大丁。”贪恋醇酒佳酿，色虽红润，湿热在中，致伤肝脾。

Food preference, refers to the variety of food intake is incomplete, or if you like then eat more, if not, eat less or do not eat. Either have preference for five tastes or preference for cold and heat, either like greasy and sweet food or lust for alcohol. No matter the rich or the poor, they may both have the disadvantages of preference. Human's five zang-organs and six fu-organs have their own characteristics; qi, blood, yin and yang of the viscera need to come into being jointly from yin and yang of five tastes. If preference for food lasted for a long time, it may cause the rise and fall of qi, blood, yin and yang of zang-fu organs, and then form an unbalanced constitution, which can further lead to zang-fu dysfunction. Plain Questions of Sheng Qi Tong Tian Theory said: “If the taste is too sour, the liver-qi is overflowing, which will lead to the failure of spleen-qi; if the taste is too salty, which will cause bone damage, muscle contraction and depression of heart-qi; if the taste is too sweet, which will lead to obstruction of heart-qi with dyspnea, black color of face, and unbalanced kidney-qi; if the taste is too bitter, which will lead to retardation of spleen-qi and stagnation of stomach-qi; if the taste is too pungent, then will result in atrophy and flaccidity of tendons and vessels, and mental impairment.”This means the preference for five tastes. In daily life, some people prefer sweet, some prefer spicy food, some prefer salty food, and even some who are in the habit of eating warm or cold food. Sweet can generate dampness and produce phlegm, which will form phlegm-damp constitution; spicy food will turn into fire and burn fluid, which would lead to the formation of yin deficiency and multi-fire constitution; over salty can cause injury to heart and blood vessels, and forming heart-qi weak constitution; long time eating warm food can result in yin deficiency and yang overabundance; often eating cold food can cause yin overabundance and yang deficiency. Preference for greasy food, though the body is fat, phlegm and dampness inside, or transform heat into fire.  The Plain Questions of the Theory of Strange Diseases said: "The greasy food generates internal heat, and the sweet makes people feel full."  The Plain Questions of Sheng Qi Tong Tian Theory said: "Greasy and delicate food can cause the pathologic change, so it is enough to generate carbuncle." If a man lusts for mellow wine, though ruddy in color, dampness and heat inside, it can cause injury to the liver and spleen.

由上可见，饮食与人的体质有很大关系。饮食不节，可以损伤脏腑气血阴阳，或生痰湿，或致寒热之偏，皆能使人体质下降。饮食有节，则补益阴阳气血，充实脏腑经络，痰湿不生，阴阳平衡，从而使体质增强。

It can be seen from the above that diet is closely related to people's constitutions. Improper diet can damage viscera, qi, blood, yin and yang, or generate phlegm and dampness, or cause extremes of cold and heat, which all can lead to a decline in people's physique. Good eating habit can nourish yin, yang, qi and blood, enrich viscera and meridians, degenerate phlegm- dampness and balance yin and yang, thus enhancing the constitutions.

2．劳动

劳动是人类改造自然和获取生活资料的必要手段，它是通过人的器官及躯体的机能活动来进行的。正常的劳动不仅是人的生活所必需的，而且对人的身心健康有一定益处，只有过度的劳或逸才是有害的。因此，劳动是影响人的体质的又一重要因素。

Labor

Labor is a necessary means for human beings to transform nature and obtain means of subsistence, and it is carried out through the organs of human being and functional activities of the body. Normal labor is not only necessary for people's life, but also beneficial to people's physical and mental health. Only excessive work or leisure is harmful. Therefore, labor is another important factor that affects people's constitution.

劳动分为体力劳动和脑力劳动，这两种劳动对人体的作用是不同的。

Labor is divided into manual labor and mental labor, these two kinds of labor have different effects on human body

体力劳动运用人的筋骨肌肉，活动量较大。适当的体力劳动，可以活动筋骨，通利关节，流通血脉，并加强内脏活动，促进饮食的消化吸收。故长期从事体力劳动的人往往体格健壮，肌肉丰满，筋骨有力，饮食多，疾病少。反之，长期养尊处优，四体不勤，身虽多肥胖，而肌肉无力，饮食减少，肌肤腠理疏松而不禁风寒烈日，故易生病。然而，劳作过度，损筋伤骨，消气耗血，在所不免。某些贫贱之人，为生活所迫，终生劳苦。其先天较强者，多见寒侵骨节，湿着肌肉，形成痹证，或腰腿痛；其禀赋不足者，最易转为劳伤。脑力劳动运用心神，消耗气血。但脑力劳动者毕竟躯体组织器官的活动量较小，且长期端坐伏案，气血不易流通，从内脏到形体都较为脆弱。且心劳过度，营血暗耗，加之思虑伤脾，形成心脾两伤。故脑力劳动者易致心悸、失眠、饮食减少、倦乏无力等。

The human's bones and muscles involve in the manual labor, the activities are relatively large. Proper physical labor can exercise muscles and bones, clear joints, circulate blood vessels, strengthen visceral activities and promote digestion and absorption of food. Therefore, the people who have been engaged in manual labor for long-term usually have a strong physique, they are well-muscled, eat more and suffer less disease. On the contrary, if a person has lived a life of luxury for a long time and seldom takes part in physical labor, though he is fat, he is weak in muscle with flabby skin. He eats less, and cannot help the wind, cold and burning sun, so he is very easy to get sick. However, it is inevitable that overwork will damage the muscles and bones, and consume qi and blood. Some poor people forced by life and work all their lives. Those who are stronger in birth, more suffer the invasion of cold in bones, wetness in muscles and formation of Bi syndrome, or lumbago and leg pain. Those whose endowments are insufficient more have internal lesion caused by overexertion. Mental work uses the mind and consumes qi and blood. But for mental workers, after all the activities of body organs are relatively weak, and plus sitting at the desk for a long time, qi and blood are not easy to flow, so it is more fragile from the internal organs to the body. And they have heart impairment by overstrain, ying blood consumption, coupled with spleen injury by anxiety, and finally forming the injury of heart and spleen. Therefore, the mental workers may have palpitations, insomnia, decreased diet, fatigue, and so on.

3．婚育

婚育是成年以后开始发生作用的因素，它对体质的影响也是不可忽视的。婚育包括房事（性生活）和妇女孕产。

Marriage and childbearing
Marriage and childbearing are factors that begin to play a role in adulthood, and its effect on constitution cannot be ignored. Marriage and childbearing include sexual intercourse (sex) and women's pregnancy and childbirth.

房事是正常的生理活动表现，它既是人类繁衍后代的需要，也是人维持自身生理心理平衡的必要手段。古人云：“男大当娶，女大当嫁”，否则，长期戒绝房事，身心欲望得不到满足，心情久郁，气血不畅，体质将会下降，甚至忧郁至极而丧生。但房事也不宜过度，过度反而有害。因为人的房事活动主要依赖肾的机能活动，房事活动总要消耗一定量的精气，房事不节，则精气大伤，肾脏受损，势必影响其他脏腑的生理活动和整个生命活动，从而使体质下降。历代医家都告诫人们房事要有节制，千万不可纵欲。早在《素问•上古天真论》就已指出：“……醉以入房，以欲竭其精，以耗散其真，不知持满，不时御神，务快其心，……故半百而衰也。”说明纵欲不仅能使人的体质下降，而且可以致人早衰，缩短寿命。现代生理学研究证明，性的因素能造成内分泌系统功能的紊乱。此外据报道，纵欲还能使人体免疫系统的调节功能受到影响而减弱。

Sexual intercourse is a normal physical activity, it is not only the need of human reproduction, but also a necessary means for people to maintain their own physiological and psychological balance. The ancients said: "Men and women ought to get married when they reach a certain age", otherwise, if people abstain from sex for a long time, their physical and mental desires cannot be satisfied, qi-blood circulation is not smooth, they will have a decline in constitution, and even die of extreme melancholy. But sex should not be excessive, too much sex is harmful. Because people's sexual activities mainly rely on the functional activities of kidney, sexual activities always consume a certain amount of vital energy. If sexual intercourse is not proper, the vital energy will be seriously injured, and the kidney is damaged, which will affect the physiological activities of other organs and the entire life activities, thus making a decline in physique. Physicians of past generations warned people to be abstinent in sex and never indulge. It was pointed out long before in Plain Questions of Shang Gu Tian Zhen Theroy: “......Having sex after drunk and indulging in carnal pleasure without restraint lead to excessive consumption of vital energy, not knowing how to keep healthy and regulate mind, pursuing short-lived happiness...which will result in premature senility before fifty years of age. ” It shows that indulgence can not only reduce people's constitution, but also lead to premature senility and shorten life. Modern physiological studies have proved that sexual factors can cause disorders of endocrine system. In addition, it is reported that indulgence can also affect the regulatory function of human immune system and weaken it.

怀孕产子是妇女特有的生理活动，它在体质方面的影响是男子所不具有的，因而是形成妇女体质特点的因素之一。妇女由于胎产次数过多，而能影响体质。怀胎期间，母血聚以养胎；分娩之时，必有伤胞失血之事；分娩以后，便是哺乳育儿，这些都需要消耗母体的气血。正如《千金要方》说：“妇人产讫，五脏虚羸，惟得将补，不可转泻。”

Pregnancy and childbirth are the specific physiological activities of women and its influence on constitution is not possessed by men, so it is one of the factors that form the characteristics of women's constitutions. Too many times of births can affect the constitutions of women. During pregnancy, maternal blood is gathered to nourish the fetus; at the time of birth, there must be blood loss from injured cells; after childbirth, there should be breast-feeding, which all need to consume the mother's qi and blood. As the Qian Jin Yao Fang said: "After the childbirth of women, the five internal organs are very weak, so it is suitable to use invigorating therapy instead of reducing therapy.”

胎产之后，母体将逐渐恢复其原有的气血运行和脏腑机能。但经产之妇在体质上毕竟比未育之妇要降低一些。因而胎产次数越多，则母体受到损伤的次数越多，其体质下降也就越明显。故多产之妇，往往气血衰少，体质不佳；即或禀赋素足，年轻时尚未见衰象，年老后必见肾亏早衰，体弱不支。

After delivery, the body of the mother will gradually restore its original circulation of qi and blood and viscera function. But the women who give birth are little lower in physique than those who do not have children. Thus, the more times the births, the more times the mother is injured, so the constitution of the mother will be declined more obviously. Therefore, women who often give birth tend to have less qi and blood with poor physique; even they are endowed with sufficient endowment, no signs of decline in youth, but they must have kidney deficiency and premature senility after old age with weak conditions.

4．情志

情志指喜怒忧思悲恐惊等心理活动，一般情况下它们是人对外界刺激的正常反应。但情志活动必然伴随着相应的内脏气血阴阳活动，如《素问•举痛论》说：“怒则气上，喜则气缓，悲则气消，恐则气下，……惊则气乱……思则气结”，《医方考》说：“忧则气沉……愁则气郁”等。这些情志活动为时较短暂而很快解除以后，内脏气血阴阳也将很快恢复正常。但如果长期强烈的精神刺激，持久不解的情志活动，往往能导致内脏气血阴阳的紊乱状态，即形成某种特定的体质。而此种体质形成以后，又更易发生与原先相同的情志活动，从而进一步损伤内脏，形成恶性循环，促使该种体质的稳定。

Emotion

Emotion refers to psychological activities such as joy, anger, worry, thinking, grief, fear and panic, in general, they are a normal response of a person to external stimulus. However, emotional activities must be accompanied with corresponding activities of qi, blood, yin and yang of internal organs. For example, the Plain Questions of Ju Tong Theory said：“Rage driving qi upward, excessive joy relaxing qi, excessive sorrow consuming qi, terror collapsing qi,  …fright interrupts the flow of qi…anxiety makes qi depressed”, Medical Formulae Investigations said：“Melancholy driving qi downward…sorrow makes qi obstructed ” and so on. If these emotional activities are relatively short and released quickly, qi, blood, yin and yang of internal organs will soon return to normal. However, long-term mental stimulation and lasting emotional activities can often lead to disorder of qi, blood, yin and yang of internal organs, and form a specific constitution. After the formation of this constitution, they even more like to have the same emotional activities as before, thus further damaging the internal organs, forming a vicious circle and promoting the stability of this constitution.

造成长期持久的精神刺激和情志活动的原因，往往是哪些暂时不易改变的经济的或精神的生活条件。于是，家庭的贫富贵贱，社会地位的高低，大志大欲的实现与否，就成为判断体质的重要依据。尤其是那些与地位的变迁有关，或婚恋的成败等因素，屡屡导致人的体质急转直下，甚至失神（精神异常）或丧生。《素问•疏五过论》说：“诊有三常，必问贵贱，封君败伤，及欲侯王。故贵脱势，虽不中邪，精神内伤，身必败亡。始富后贫，虽不伤邪，皮焦筋屈，痿躄为挛。”若因恋情不遂，久别思念，营血耗损，气机内郁，每致羸瘦脆弱，易感多病。
The causes of long-term and lasting mental stimulation and emotional activities are often those economic or spiritual living conditions which are temporarily immutable. So the economic conditions of the family, the level of social status, whether the big aim or desire is achieved or not, all these factors become an important basis for judging the constitutions. In particular, those factors which related to the change of social status, or the failure of a marriage and love, often lead to a sharp decline in people's contitutions, and even loss of mind (mental abnormality) or death.《The Plain Questions of Shu Wu Guo Lun said:“There are three things the doctors should pay attention to when diagnosing diseases, namely they must ask the rich and poor, the high and low and the pain and pleasure of the patients. First, the doctor needs to ask the social status of the patient, secondly, the doctor should know whether the patient has experienced any status changes or setbacks, thirdly, if the patient has the delusions of promotion and wealth. Because once a high-ranking official is lost, although he is not hurt by the external evil, the spirit has been injured, thus result in physical damage and even death. Those who are rich and then become poor, though they are not hurt by the external evil, their skin will be withered, tendons and veins are strained. ” It will lead to ying blood loss and qi stagnation due to the failure of love, and thus causing the weakness of the patients and susceptible to various diseases.

情志异常变化导致体质下降，往往与某些疾病的发生有特定关系。如郁怒不解，情绪急躁，可以导致高血压病，在中医则认为肝阳或肝火偏亢，即所谓“木火质”。若忧思日久，多愁善感，可以诱发癌症，在中医则认为是气机郁结，血滞津凝，痰瘀内阻，属于“肝郁质”等。一般地说，抑郁的精神状态最易损伤人体的精气血，使人体质明显下降，并促使某些疾病较早发生或趋向严重，从而加速衰老，甚则死亡。

The abnormal change of emotion leads to the decline of the constitution, which is often related to the occurrence of some diseases. Such as depressed rage and impatient mood, which can lead to hypertension, it is regarded as hyperactivity of liver-yang or liver-fire in traditional Chinese medicine, it is so-called "wood-fire". And the cancer can be induced by prolonged melancholy and sentimentality, in traditional Chinese medicine it is considered to be the stagnation of qi, blood stagnation and fluid coagulation, internal obstruction of phlegm and blood stasis, these all belong to “liver-depression”and so on. Generally speaking, the mental state of depression is most likely to damage the essence, qi and blood of the human body, leads to an obvious decline in constitution, and causes some diseases occur earlier or tend to be serious, thus accelerating aging, and even death.

5．疾病

疾病是在致病因素的作用下，或由于内脏气血阴阳的虚衰所导致的局部和整体的机能失调、形体损伤及痛苦感觉。疾病产生以后，由于邪正斗争，人体内的气血阴阳或多或少地会受到损伤或消耗。一般情况下，机体将在病愈之后逐渐地自我恢复，不会影响体质，所以疾病导致的一时性病理变化与较为稳定的体质在概念上是不同的。然而，某些疾病所形成的人体损伤不易很快地恢复，或因病后调养失当，或久病持续的损伤，从而使气血阴阳的损伤变为稳定的体质因素。尤其是在某些大病、重病、久病之后，以及慢性消耗性疾病和营养障碍性疾病，对体质的影响最为明显。

Disease
Disease is the local and overall dysfunction, physical damage and feelings of pain caused by pathogenic factors or due to the deficiency and decline of visceral qi, blood, yin and yang. After the emergence of the disease, qi, blood, yin and yang in human body will be more or less damaged or consumed due to the struggle between pathogen and vital qi. In general, the body will be gradually recovered after the illness, and will not affect the constitution, so the temporary pathological changes caused by the disease are conceptually different from the relatively stable constitution. However, the injuries of human body caused by some diseases are not easy to recover, thus, the injuries of qi, blood, yin and yang become a stable physical factor by the causes of improper recuperation or persistent injury after a long illness. Especially after some serious diseases and long-term diseases, as well as chronic consumptive diseases and dystrophic diseases, these factors have the most obvious effect on the constitution.

大病、重病，主要指外感六淫、疫疠之邪而致的严重外感病。从这些外邪的性质来看，风邪、燥邪如果不兼夹它邪或化为火热之邪，则对体质的影响较小；对体质影响较大的是热（火）邪、寒邪、 湿邪和疫毒。热（火）邪易伤人阴津，灼人营血；寒邪能损人阳气，凝人脉络；湿邪则易伤阳，阻碍气机，聚湿成痰；疫毒之邪则诸般损伤皆可兼而有之。每见外感重症后期，内脏气血阴阳显见不足，所谓病虽去而体未安，此时最需谨慎调养。气血阴阳之恢复非一日之功，须缓缓图之。久病之后，气血阴阳损伤更需耐心调理而使复元。所谓“王道无近功”。正如《素问•五常政大论》所云：“帝曰：其久病者，有气从而不康，病去而瘠奈何？歧伯曰：昭乎哉圣人之问也。化不可代，时不可违。……故大要曰：无代化，无违时，必养必和，待其来复。”在“待其来复”的时期内，人体就处于一种特殊的体质状态中。

The serious diseases mainly refer to the serious exogenous diseases caused by the external six pathogens and epidemic pathogens. From the nature of these external pathogens, if wind and dryness do not mix with other pathogens or turn into fire-heat, then they have less effect on constitution; those which have a great effect on constitution are heat (fire), cold, dampness and epidemic toxin. Heat (fire) is easy to hurt yin fluid and burn ying blood; cold can damage yang qi and coagulate veins; dampness is easy to hurt yang, block qi and accumulate dampness into phlegm; and the epidemic toxin can cause all kinds of damage. In the late stage of severe exogenous disease, qi, blood, yin and yang of internal organs are obviously insufficient, though the disease is gone, the body is not at ease, at this time the body needs the most careful care. However, the restoration of qi, blood, yin and yang cannot be achieved in a day. After a long illness, the injury of qi, blood, yin and yang needs more patient care to recuperate. This is the so-called "There are no shortcuts to success". As the Plain Questions of Wu Chang Zheng Da Lun    said: "The emperor said: for those who have been ill for a long time, although qi has been adjusted, the body did not recover, the disease has gone but the body is still weak, so what should do with it? Qi Bo said: what you asked is a very special question, you must know that the qi of heaven and earth cannot be substituted by human power, the law of four seasons cannot be violated…So Da Yao said: don't replace the qi of heaven and earth with man power, don't break the law of four seasons, men must have a good rest, keep the balance of yin and yang, and waiting for the restoration of vital qi.” During this restoration period, the human body is in a special physical state.

慢性消耗性疾病，是指某些特殊的疾病，如肺痨、寄生虫病等。肺痨一病，中医认为是“痨虫”所致。寄生虫病则如蛔虫病、钩虫病、血吸虫病等。由于虫居人体之内。食人精血，而人从饮食所得之营养，皆为虫所食，而不入脏腑，不归正化，故使人体弱羸瘦，生活力下降。长期慢性出血、月经过多或崩漏等，也是使体质下降的重要原因。

The chronic consumptive disease refers to some special diseases, such as tuberculosis, parasitosis and so on. The disease of tuberculosis is caused by tuberculomyces in traditional Chinese medicine. Parasitosis includes ascariasis, ancylostomiasis, schistosomiasis and so on. Because the worms live inside the human body and feed on human blood, all the nourishment that a man receives from his diet is eaten by parasite, which cannot be absorbed and transformed in zang-fu organs, these factors can make a person weak and lead to a decline in vitality. Long-term chronic bleeding, menorrhagia and uterine bleeding are also the important causes of physical decline.

营养障碍性疾病，主要是脾胃功能失常。若脾胃疾病长期不愈，或食纳减少，或食入不化，或脾不转运，水谷精微不能吸收，气血阴阳无从化生，势必使人体质下降。所以前人说，脾胃为后天之本，无论是内伤、外感，病中或愈后，都必须保持脾胃功能健旺，而凡扶正补虚，欲改善体质者，都必赖脾胃之纳运。诸如大人脘痛泄泻，小儿疳积腹胀，皆属营养障碍性疾病，病日久者，体质必弱。

Dystrophic disease mainly refers to dysfunction of spleen and stomach. If the disease of spleen and stomach has persisted for a long time, or the intake is reduced, or the food is not transformed, or the spleen is not transported, the essence of water and grain cannot be absorbed, qi, blood yin and yang are unable to transform, which are bound to make a physical decline. So the predecessors said, the spleen and stomach are the foundation of acquired constitution, whether it is an internal injury or an external infection, during or after an illness, we must maintain the function of the spleen and stomach, and those who want to strengthen body resistance and restore qi, and want to improve the constitution must rely on the transportation of spleen and stomach. Such as adult stomachache and diarrhea, infantile malnutrition and abdominal distension, which are all malnutrition diseases, those who are sick for a long time, must be weak in constitution

6．锻炼

锻炼包括传统的武术气功锻炼和现代的体育锻炼。锻炼是人们主动地改造体质的活动，它有利于提高人的身体素质。自古以来，人们就认识到积极锻炼的重要作用，创造了许多种锻炼的方法。三国时代医学家华佗说过：“人体欲得劳动，但不当使极耳。”他认为适当的劳动（这里也包括体操活动）可以促使气血流通，促进脾胃消化水谷，因而有益于健康。于是，他创造了著名的“五禽戏”，模仿五种动物的姿态来锻炼身体，至今仍为养生家所喜爱。

Exercise

Exercise includes traditional Wushu, Qigong practice and modern physical exercise. Exercise is an activity for people to improve their health, and it helps to improve people's physical fitness. Since ancient times, people have realized the important role of active exercise and created many kinds of exercise methods. During the Three Kingdoms period, a medical scientist Hua Tuo said: "The human body should keep moving, but should not beyond the limit." He believed that proper labor (gymnastics is also included here) can promote the circulation of qi and blood, promote the digestion of water and food in the spleen and stomach, so it is good for health. As a result, he created the famous "Five-animal Exercise", which imitates the posture of five kinds of animals to exercise, and it is still loved by health-preserving people.

气功锻炼具有很高的健身价值。它的种类（包括锻炼方法）非常繁多，但总起来说，不外乎炼精、炼气、炼神。精需积聚，是一个长期的过程；气宜流通，也宜充盈，气足则自然周行于经络之中；神必从静，静则气不外弛而运行于体内。锻炼有素，则精能化气，气能生神；神复御气，气复化精。精、气、神若能充盈而生化不息，则生机自然旺盛，体质也会明显增强。故养生家非常重视精、气、神，称之为“三宝”。气功锻炼不仅可以增强体质，祛病延年，当进入较高境界时，还会产生一些常人所没有的特异功能。这些特异功能的出现，并不是神乎其神的魔术，而是基于一定的特异体质而产生的人体功能。

Qigong practice has high fitness value. There is a great variety of exercises (including exercise methods), but generally speaking, it is nothing more than exercise in essence, qi and spirit. Essence needs to accumulate, which is a long-term process; qi should be circulated and filled, and sufficient qi naturally circulates in meridians and collaterals, and spirit should be quiet, quietness keeps qi from escaping from the body and runs in it. If a person is well trained, then the essence can transform into qi, qi can produce spirit; and also spirit can control qi, qi can transform into essence. If essence, qi and spirit can be filled and followed in a circle incessantly, then the vitality is naturally exuberant, and the constitution will also be significantly enhanced. Therefore, the health-preserving people attach great importance to essence, qi and spirit, and call it "three treasures". Qigong exercise can not only enhance the constitution, dispel disease and prolong life, but also can produce some exceptional functions that the ordinary people do not have when entering into a higher level. The emergence of these special powers is not a magic trick, but a function of the human body based on a certain specific constitution. 

武术与气功有密切的联系，但又不同于气功。武术包括徒手拳术和器械拳术两大类。具体门类派别更为庞杂。武术除了可以防身自卫以外，主要的还在于强身健体。但武术的锻炼方法是要求内外兼炼，动静结合，形神俱备，所以它既不同于一般气功，更是一般体操所难以比拟的。通过武术锻炼，内可调气活血，外可壮形健体，并使人反应灵敏，动作迅疾准确有力。常练武术之人，体质多强健而少病；体弱之人适当行之，可由弱转强

Wushu is closely related to Qigong, but it is different from Qigong. Wushu includes two categories: bare-handed boxing and instrumental boxing. The specific categories and factions are more complex. In addition to self-defense, Wushu mainly lies in physical fitness. However, the exercise method of Wushu requires both internal and external training, an association of movement and quietness, and somatic and spiritual integration, so it is different from the general Qigong, and its fitness effect is much better than gymnastics. Through the exercise of Wushu, it can regulate qi and promote blood circulation from inside, strengthen the body from outside, and can make a person react quickly, the movement is fast, accurate and powerful. Those who often practice Wushu are healthier and less ill, if the infirm do it properly, the constitution can change from weak to strong.

现代体育运动是开展得十分广泛的健身活动。一般的体育运动（棋牌除外），主要是锻炼肌肉的力量及其协调能力，并通过肌肉的运动对能量的需求，增加心脏的负担，从而增强心脏的功能，加快血液循环，进一步促使其他内脏的生理活动加强，以此来促进新陈代谢，保持机体旺盛的生命力。一个不爱好体育活动的人，长期懒惰成性，其内脏活力下降，经不住风吹浪打，运动量稍大就觉体力不支，这不能算是好的体质。中年以上，由于长期不活动，还会形成肥胖病。当然，运动过度，气血阴阳消耗过多，或伤筋损骨，造成劳伤因素，也能使体质下降。

Modern sports are fitness activities which people are more likely to choose. General sports (except chess and cards) are mainly to exercise the strength and coordination ability of muscles, and to increase the burden of heart by the demand for energy through muscular movements, so as to enhance the function of the heart and accelerate blood circulation, further promote the enhancement of physiological activity of other internal organs, so as to promote metabolism and maintain the exuberant vitality of the body. A person who is not active in sports has a decline in the vitality of his or her internal organs because of lack of exercise, and a little more exercise will feel physically tired, which cannot be considered a good constitution. For people over middle-age are prone to obesity due to long term inactivity. Of course, excessive exercise can cause excessive consumption of qi, blood, yin and yang, injury of tendons and bones can cause internal lesion by overexertion, and all these factors can lead to physical decline.

体质的特点

The Characteristics of the Constitution

一、体质的遗传性

中医体质是指人体生命过程中，在先天禀赋和后天获得的基础上所形成的形态结构、生理功能和心理状态方面综合的、相对稳定的固有特质。是人类在生长、发育过程中所形成的与自然、社会环境相适应的人体个性特征，综合分析一个家族，尤其是2代直系亲属之间，体质存在着一定的遗传性 。

First, the heredity of constitution

The constitution of traditional Chinese medicine refers to the comprehensive and relatively stable inherent characteristics of morphological structure, physiological function and psychological state formed on the basis of innate endowment and acquired ability in the process of human life. It is the personality traits of the human body adapted to natural and social environment formed in the course of human growth and development. If analyzing a family in a comprehensive way, we will find there is certain heredity in constitution, especially between two generations of direct relatives.

二、体质的稳定性

体质是指人体禀赋于先天，受后天多种因素影响，在其生长发育和衰老过程中，所形成的形态上和心理，生理功能上相对稳定的特征，因此个人体质具有相对的稳定性。这种特性往往决定着机体对某些致病因素的易感性和病变过程的倾向性。现代生物学研究认为,人具有根本的区别于其他动物的共性，同时在人类群体中也普遍存在着个体差异，这种个体差异的研究完全支持了中医的体质学说。

Second, the stability of constitution

The constitution refers to the relatively stable characteristics of the human body in the form of morphological structure, psychological and physiological function in human growth and aging process, which formed on the basis of innate endowment and influenced by many acquired factors, so the personal constitution has a relative stability. This characteristic often determines the susceptibility of the body to some pathogenic factors and the tendency of the pathological process. Modern biological research thinks that human beings have common character which distinguishes them from other animals, meanwhile there are individual differences in human groups, and the study of individual differences fully supports the constitution theory of traditional Chinese medicine.
三、体质的可变性

通过对体质形成的后天因素的干预与调整，可以使人的体质偏颇或失衡状态得到调整。

Third, the variability of constitution

By the intervention and adjustment to acquired factors in the formation of a constitution, a person's unbalanced state or constitution can be adjusted

四、体质的多样性

每个人的个体差异性的本质在于体质不同，所以芸芸众生，体质各异，呈现体质的多样性，体质的复杂性。目前根据中医体质学的发展，体质类型已可以客观分类，《中医体质判定标准》，已被认定为中华中医药学会标准。

Fourth, the diversity of constitution

The essence of individual difference lies in the different constitution of each person. Therefore, all living beings have different constitutions, showing the diversity and complexity of the constitution. At present, the type of constitution can be objectively classified according to the development of TCM constitution, and the standard for determination of constitution in TCM has been regarded as the standard of Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine.

五、体质的可调性

体质的特点是异病同治所依据的内在因素和物质基础，调整体质有利于治病求本和未病先防。

Fifth, the adjustability of constitution

The characteristics of constitution are the internal factors and material basis on which the same treatment for different diseases is based. Adjusting the constitution is beneficial to seeking the root cause of the disease and preventing the disease before it occurs.

体质与年龄

Constitution and Age

1、小儿体质

此阶段人群体质总体特征：

（1）纯阳之体

（2）稚阴稚阳之体

（3）五脏有余不足

1. Children's constitution
The general physical characteristics of the population at this stage:
(1) Pure-yang constitution
(2) Young yin and young yang 
(3) The excess of liver and heart and deficiency of spleen, kidney and lung

2、青年体质

此阶段人群体质总体特征：

体魄强壮，内脏坚实，气血充足，精力充沛，体健神旺，形成了基本稳定的体质类型。

2. Youth constitution
The general physical characteristics of the population at this stage:
Strong physique, solid internal organs, sufficient qi and blood, vigorous energy and energetic spirit, all these formed the basic stable constitution type.

3、中年体质

此阶段人群体质总体特征：

人体的脏腑经脉功能，都达到最佳状态。但也是在此阶段，人体体质出现转折征兆，脏腑气血由盛极而转向渐衰，肌表腠理开始疏松，面部光泽有所减退，头发出现斑白，行为表现特点为“好坐”等，反映出生气逐渐衰退的迹象。

3. Middle-aged constitution

The general physical characteristics of the population at this stage:
The functions of zang-fu organs and meridians of the human body have reached the best state. But it is also at this stage, the constitution of human body shows signs of turning, visceral qi and blood turn from prosperity to gradual decline, muscular striae become loose, facial luster fades, hair appears gray, and behavioral characteristic is "like to sit" etc., all these reflect the signs of gradual decline in vitality.

4、更年期体质

此阶段人群体质总体特征：

中年时期的体质特点，是由盛转衰的转折时期，正处于元气尚未大衰之际。大多数妇女在这段时间都会感到身体有些不适，但多数不严重。有些妇女则由于体质衰弱，很难适应一系列的生理上变化，表现出较严重的症状。而素体较健的人则多数不会出现较严重的反应。

4. Menopausal constitution

The general physical characteristics of the population at this stage:
The physical characteristic of middle-aged period is the turning period from prosperity to decline, which is at a time the vitality is not yet in big decline. Most women feel a little sick during this time, but most of them are not serious. Some women find it difficult to adapt to a range of physiological changes due to physical weakness and showing more serious symptoms. But most healthy people do not have serious reactions.

5、老年体质

此阶段人群体质总体特征：

（1）肾精亏虚

（2）气血运行不畅

5. Elderly constitution

The general physical characteristics of the population at this stage:
 (1) Deficiency of kidney essence
 (2) Poor circulation of qi and blood

中医体质的分类

Constitution Classification of Traditional Chinese Medicine

1.中医体质分类的理论依据

阴阳学说  五行学说  脏腑经络学说  精气血津液理论

1.The theoretical basis of constitution classification in traditional Chinese Medicine

Yin-yang theory, five elements theory, theory of viscera, channels and collaterals, theory of essence, qi, blood and body fluid

2.体质的分类方法

2009，中华中医药学会正式颁布了该标准，成为了我国第一部指导和规范中医体质研究及应用的文件，为“治未病”提供了体质辨识的方法、工具与评估体系。该标准适用于从事中医体质研究的中医临床医生、科研人员及相关管理人员，可作为临床实践、判定规范及质量评定的重要参考依据。该标准适用于从事中医体质研究的中医临床医生、科研人员及相关管理人员，可作为临床实践、判定规范及质量评定的重要参考依据。

2.The classification method of constitution

In 2009, the Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine formally promulgated the standard, which becomes the first document in China to guide and standardize the research and application of TCM constitution, and provides methods, tools and evaluation systems of physical identification for "treating preventable diseases". The standard is applicable to TCM clinicians, scientific researchers and related managerial staff engaged in TCM constitution research, and can be used as an important reference for clinical practice, judgment norms and quality evaluation.

该分类方法将人体的体质类型分为九种，即平和质、阳虚质、气虚质、痰湿质、湿热质、阴虚质、瘀血质、气郁质、特禀质。

This classification method divides the physical types of human body into nine types, namely the constitution of balance, yang deficiency, qi deficiency, phlegm-dampness, dampness-heat, yin deficiency, blood stasis, qi depression and special constitution.

不同类别体质的形成与特征

The Formation and Characteristics of Different Types of Constitution

1.平和质：机能协调，七情适度

2.阳虚体质：火力不足，畏寒怕冷

3.气虚体质：气力不足，容易外感

4.痰湿体质：怠惰沉重，容易发胖

5.湿热体质：又湿又热，排泄不畅

6.阴虚体质：五心烦热，口干咽燥

7.瘀血体质：面色晦暗，易生肿瘤

8.气郁体质：气机不顺，情绪郁闷

9.特禀质：遗传性疾病与过敏性体质

1. Balance constitution: coordination of functions, moderation of seven emotions 

2.Yang deficiency constitution: lack of yang qi, fear of cold

3. Qi deficiency constitution: lack of strength, susceptible to  external factors

4.cPhlegm-dampness constitution: lazy and inactive, easy to gain weight

5.Damp-heat constitution: damp and hot, drainage difficulty

6.Yin deficiency constitution: dysphoria with feverish sensation in chest, palms and soles, dryness of mouth and throat

7. Blood stasis constitution: dark complexion, prone to tumor

8.Qi-stagnation constitution: disorder of qi, unhappy mood

9.Special constitution: hereditary disease and allergic constitution

体质的辨识方法

Identification Method of the Constitution

1.望——体质总是有其外在表象

看形体：胖多痰湿，瘦则多虚

看神气：静多偏虚，钝则痰湿

看面色：暗多瘀血，苍白则虚

看舌象：红则热性，苔厚则湿

看眼睛：无神则虚，浑浊多湿

1.Observation—the constitution always has its external presentations
Observation of physical condition: fat figure usually indicates   phlegm-dampness, thin figure mostly indicates deficiency

Observation of mental state: quietness usually means deficiency, slow reaction normally means phlegm-dampness

Observation of complexion: dark color indicates blood stasis, pale color means deficiency

Observation of tongue picture: red tongue indicates internal heat, thick coating means dampness

Observation of eyes: dull eyes indicate deficiency, cloudy eyes usually mean dampness

2.闻——耳和鼻也是判断工具

听声音：轻浅则虚，重或痰湿

闻味道：汗臭为湿，口臭为热

2. Auscultation and olfaction— the ears and nose are also the tools of judgment

Voice-listening: shallow breathing indicates deficiency, heavy breathing indicates phlegm-dampness inside

Odor-Smelling: stink of sweat means dampness, halitosis means internal heat

3.问——最直接的判断方式

问二便：便黄多热，便干则虚

问情志：多虑则虚，压抑则郁

问家族史：痰湿体质要小心

问寒热：畏寒阳虚，阴虚内热

问汗液：汗出重要，过汗则虚

问经带：经宜规律，带忌多黄

3.Interrogation — the most direct way of judging

Asking the urination and defecation: yellow urine indicates internal heat, dry stool indicates deficiency

Asking the emotion: anxiety leads to deficiency, repression results in depression

Asking the family history: be careful with phlegm-dampness constitution

Asking the cold and heat: aversion to cold means yang deficiency, internal heat means yin deficiency

Asking sweating: sweating is important, but excessive sweating results in deficiency

Asking leucorrhea: menstruation should be regular, excessive leucorrhea and discharge of yellow material are not good

4.切——了解脉象的基本知识

4. Pulse-feeling and palpation—understanding the basic knowledge of pulse manifestation

不同体质的养生与调治原则

Principles of Health Preservation and Regulation for Different Constitutions
1.平和体质养生原则：不伤不扰，顺其自然

1.The principle of health preservation for balance constitution: no sorrow no bother, let nature take its course

2. 阳虚体质养生原则：不伤不损阳气

精神养生：保持安静，培养“钝感” 

起居养生：注意保暖，多做运动

药物养生：平和补阳，防止燥热

四季养生：夏勿贪凉，冬易温补

2.The principle of health preservation for yang deficiency constitution: no impairment of yang qi
Mental health preservation: keep quiet and cultivate "insensitivity"
Health preservation of daily life: keep warm and do more exercise
Health preservation by drugs: mildly tonify yang, prevent dryness-heat
Seasonal health preservation: avoid excessive cool in summer and warm tonification in winter

3.气虚体质养生原则：补脾、健脾

饮食养生：细水长流，忌冷宜温

精神养生：忌多思虑，宜少波动

起居养生：谨避风寒，不要过劳

药物调治：四君益气，屏风固表

四季保养：春捂秋少冻，夏温冬平补

3. The principle of health preservation for qi deficiency constitution: reinforcing and strengthening the spleen
Dietetic health preservation: don’t eat too much at a time, avoid cold food and suitable for warm food
Mental health preservation: avoid thinking too much and reduce ideological fluctuations
Health preservation of daily life: be careful to avoid the wind-cold and do not overwork
Regulation and treatment by drugs: replenish qi by Sijunzi decoction and consolidate the superficial resistance by Yupingfeng powder
Seasonal health care: keep warm in spring and autumn, tonify yang in summer and tonify yin in winter

4.痰湿体质的养生原则：健脾去湿

饮食养生：口味清淡，适当吃姜

起居养生：少用空调，衣服宽松

药物调治：健运脾胃，兼去痰湿

四季养生：夏多食姜，冬少进补

4.4The principle of health preservation for phlegm-dampness constitution: invigorating the spleen and removing dampness

Dietetic health preservation: light taste and eat ginger properly 

Health preservation of daily life: use less air conditioning and keep clothes loose

Regulation and treatment by drugs: invigorate the spleen and stomach, and remove phlegm-dampness

Seasonal health preservation: eat more ginger in summer and less tonification in winter

5.湿热体质养生原则：疏肝利胆

饮食养生：少甜少酒，少辣少油

精神养生：保证睡眠，静养心神

起居养生：避免湿热，舒利关节

药物调治：适当凉茶，中病即止

四季养生：空调避湿热，秋天多清润

5. The principle of health preservation for damp-heat constitution: soothing the liver and promoting gallbladder
Dietetic health preservation: less sweet and less wine, less spicy and greasy food
Mental health preservation: ensure sleep and quietly rest the mind
Health preservation of daily life: avoid damp-heat and relax joints
Regulation and treatment by drugs: proper herbal tea, discontinue medication as soon as get effect
Seasonal health preservation: use air conditioning to avoid heat and humidity, more moisture in autumn

6.阴虚体质养生原则：镇静安神

饮食养生：多食水果，少吃辛辣

起居养生：生活工作，有条不紊

药物调治：银耳燕窝是佳品

四季保养：夏宜清凉，秋要养肺

6. The principle of health preservation for yin deficiency constitution: tranquilizing and allaying excitement
Dietetic health preservation: eat more fruit and less spicy food
Health preservation of daily life: live and work in an orderly manner
Regulation and treatment by drugs: white fungus and bird's nest are good choices
Seasonal health care: keep cool in summer and nourish lung in autumn

7.瘀血体质养生原则：疏肝活血

饮食养生：活血化瘀，忌食寒凉

精神养生：培养爱好，多交朋友

起居养生：多做运动，少用电脑

药物调治：逍遥疏肝，桃红活血

四季保养：春季舒展．秋冬保暖

7. The principle of health preservation for blood stasis constitution: soothing the liver and activating blood circulation
Dietetic health preservation: promote blood circulation by removing blood stasis, avoid cold food
Mental health preservation: cultivate hobbies and make more friends
Health preservation of daily life: do more exercise and use computer less
Regulation and treatment by drugs: easing and soothing the liver by Xiaoyao powder , replenishing the blood circulation by Taohong decoction
Seasonal health care: stretch in spring, keep warm in autumn and winter

8.气郁体质养生原则：疏肝理气，补益肝血

饮食养生：适补肝血，少量饮酒

精神养生：学会发泄．勿太敏感

起居养生：多听音乐，多去旅游

药物调治：逍遥越鞠，枸杞当归

四季保养：春季为主，舒展形体

8. The principle of health preservation for qi-stagnation constitution: soothing the liver and regulating qi, replenishing the liver-blood
Dietetic health preservation: properly replenishing the liver-blood, a small amount of alcohol is okay

Mental health preservation: learn to relieve one’s feeling and don't be too sensitive

Health preservation of daily life: listen to more music and travel more 
Regulation and treatment by drugs: Xiaoyao powder and Yueju pill, herbal medicine of medlar and Chinese angelica root
Seasonal health care: stretch the body mainly in spring

9.特禀体质养生原则：健运脾胃、益气固表

饮食养生：清淡饮食，不宜烟酒

精神养生：心平气和. 从容少虑

起居养生：留意寒热，安静独处

药物调治：防风通圣，山药薏米

四季保养：谨慎起居，体舒肢暖 

9. The principle of health preservation for special constitution:
strengthening the spleen and stomach, replenishing qi and consolidating the superficial resistance

Dietetic health preservation: light diet, cigarettes and alcohol are not suitable

Mental health preservation: be in a calm mood, relax and reduce anxiety

Health preservation of daily life: pay attention to cold and heat, be quiet and stay alone

Regulation and treatment by drugs: Fangfeng Tongsheng pill, yam and Semen Coicis

Seasonal health care: live cautiously, relax and keep warm

Translated and proofread by Zhang Muhan